Fault-based regression testing in a reactive environment

Regression testing is the process of retesting software after modification. Regression testing is a major factor contributing to the high cost of software maintenance. To control this cost, regression testing must be accomplished efficiently through effective reuse of test cases and judicious generation of new test cases.Fault-based testing focuses on the detection of particular classes of faults. RELAY is a fault-based testing technique that guarantees the detection of errors caused by any fault in a chosen fault classification. RELAY can be used as a regression testing technique to generate the test cases required to demonstrate that a modification is properly made. In addition, the information related to a test case chosen to detect a potential fault guides in choosing previously-selected test cases that should be reused, for a given modification.This paper presents the concepts behind RELAY and discusses how RELAY could be used as a regression testing technique. It also describes a testing environment that supports reactive regression testing as well as testing throughout the development lifecycle, which is based on integrating the RELAY model with other testing techniques

Mandating Environmental Liability Insurance

Plant cuticles are extracellular membranes covering aerial organs of plants, whose main functions rely on the protection against water loss, mechanical injury from the environment, attack of microorganism, and also regulation of gas exchange. Among the several constituents of plant cuticles, waxes are those that play an important role in their barrier properties. In order to enhance the mechanical properties of wax, NFC was applied in. In the project, mainly two kinds of methods were used to prepare wax-NFC composites. One way was wax and NFC were dissolved in toluene and casted to be a film, another way was to prepare NFC aerogel firstly, and then, impregnated the aerogel into wax liquid. After pressing it the structure was more compact. In order to characterize the properties of samples, SEM, XRD, TGA, DSC, Contact angle testing, tensile test and oxygen permeability methods were applied in

Can Active Labour Market Policy Work? Some Theoretical Considerations

Persistent high unemployment in Europe has led to renewed interest in Active Labour Market Policy. However, most existing theory suggests that its effects are ambiguous at best. We argue that job search assistance and wage subsidies are more appropriately modelled as a transition rather than the state-based approach of existing theory. This eliminates the ambiguity. We present two main models, one in which negative duration dependence in unemployment arises from state dependence, the other where it is due to heterogeneity. In both cases policy is unambiguously effective provided it is targeted on those who are, or are most likely to become, long-term unemployed. Some crude estimates suggest that Active Labour Market Policies could have a significant, though not spectacular, effect in reducing unemployment.

Wage Subsidies for the Long Term Unemployed: A Search Theoretic Analysis

The persistence of mass unemployment in many OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s has led to renewed interest in active labour market policies. We examine one such policy, a wage subsidy for employers hiring the long-term unemployed, using a search-theoretic framework. We assume that long-term unemployment leads to a loss of human capital, and that a subsidy can offset the consequent training costs faced by employers hiring the long-term unemployed. We argue that unemployment would be unambiguously reduced by such a policy. Furthermore, the often-made criticism of wage subsidies that they mainly lead to substitution, merely churning the unemployed, is misplaced. There are positive externalities to substitution that lead firms to open more vacancies, many of which in turn will be filled by the short-term unemployed.

Ocular screening tests of elementary school children

This report presents an analysis of 507 abnormal retinal reflex images taken of Huntsville kindergarten and first grade students. The retinal reflex images were obtained by using an MSFC-developed Generated Retinal Reflex Image System (GRRIS) photorefractor. The system uses a 35 mm camera with a telephoto lens with an electronic flash attachment. Slide images of the eyes were examined for abnormalities. Of a total of 1835 students screened for ocular abnormalities, 507 were found to have abnormal retinal reflexes. The types of ocular abnormalities detected were hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, esotropia, exotropia, strabismus, and lens obstuctions. The report shows that the use of the photorefractor screening system is an effective low-cost means of screening school children for abnormalities

Setting up an acupuncture knee clinic under Practice Based Commissioning

Original article can be found at: http://www.acupunctureinmedicine.org.uk/index.shtmlThis paper outlines the setting up of a new service in primary care offering acupuncture to patients with severe osteoarthritis of the knee. The high volume clinic is funded under the Practice Based Commissioning initiative and is the first of its type in the UK. It would appear to offer a model for similar services elsewhere.Peer reviewe

Trade Adjustment Assistance under the U.S. Trade Act of 1974: An Analytical Examination and Worker Survey

The goals of trade adjustment assistance (TAA) are to ease transition, compensate injury, and bleed political pressure for protectionism. Section I of the paper outlines the economic principles underlying these goals, and their shifting historical importance in the U.S. Sections II and III of the paper discuss the personal characteristics of a representative sample of worker recipients of TAA in 1976, and their labor market success in several subsequent years. Their experience is compared to that of a matched sample of workers receiving standard unemployment insurance (UI) . Comparisons in Section II focus on differences in mean characteristics and experience between the TAA and UT samples, controlling only for whether workers returned eventually to the firm from which they were initially separated. Comparisons in Section III focus on differences between the TAA and UI samples in their ability to recover lost employment and income, using a regression approach that in principle controls for all relevant variables, and not for just one. The most important conclusions of the research are the following. (1) The majority of TAA recipients in 1976 were not permanently displaced, but returned eventually to their former employers. A far greater proportion of UI recipients suffered permanent displacement. (2) Workers receiving TAA had higher incomes on average than their counterparts who received only UI. Their incomes furthermore fell less frequently below the poverty line. (3) TAA recipients nevertheless experienced more frequent and enduring transitional unemployment than did UI recipients, and did not return to their former income level as rapidly. (4) The reasons for conclusion (3) were unclear. It could not readily be explained by differences between the TAA and UI samples in permanence of layoff, generosity of program benefits, age, experience, industry, affluence, economic environment, socioeconomic status, or behavioral responses to any of these variables. Conclusions (1) and (2) are at variance with most previous work on TAA. Conclusion (3) is not, but the traditional explanations for it are those that conclusion (4) rules out.